\chapter{倒装句}
倒装句是一种把动词（或助动词）移到主语前面的句型。撇开疑问句这种只具有语法功能的倒装句，比较值得研究的是具有修辞功能的倒装句。恰当地运用倒装句，可以强调语气、增强清楚性与简洁性，以及更流畅地衔接前后的句子。

\section{比较级的倒装}
开始谈比较级的倒装前，有些关于比较级的修辞问题应先弄清楚，如例：

1. Girls like cats more than boys. (不清楚)

这个句子可能有两种意思：

2. Girls like cats more than boys do. (女孩比男孩更喜欢猫。)

3. Girls like cats more than they like boys. (女孩比起喜欢男孩更喜欢猫。)

比较级的句型通常会牵涉到两个从句互相比较。这两个从句间应有重复的部分才能比较。一旦有重复，就有省略的空间。但如果省略不当，会伤害句子的清楚性。修辞上称这种句子为ambiguous(模棱两可)。如果要表达句2的意思，句尾的do就不能省略，否则读者可能把它当作句3来理解。

如果把句2修改一下，成为：

Girls like cats more than boys, who as a rule are a cruel lot, \uline{do}. （不佳）

这个句子在boys后面加上一个修饰它的关系从句。do这个词既不能省略，把它留在句恬却又有修辞上的毛病。首先，do这个助动词和它的主语boys之间，因为关系从句的阻隔，距离太远，伤害句子的清楚性。另外，助动词do所代表的是前面从句中的like cats，同样也因为距离太远而不够清楚。

要解决这个修辞上的问题，有个方法---倒装句。将do挪到主语boys前面，成为：

Girls like cats more than \wordtag{do boys}{倒装句},who as a rule are a cruel lot. \vspace{1ex}

(女孩比男孩更喜欢猫---男孩通常都很残酷。)

如此，助动词do和主语boys放在一起了，而且do和它所代表的like cats的距离也减到最小，解决了修辞问题。比较级需要用到倒装句的情形大抵都是如此：
\begin{enumerate}[label=\chinese{enumi}、]
    \item 从属从句中的助动词或do动词不宜省略。
    \item 主语后面有比较长的修饰语。
\end{enumerate}

\section{关系从句的倒装}
关系从句中的关系词，如果不是原来就在句首位置，就要向前移到句首让它发挥连接词的功能，如：

1. The president is \uline{a man}.

2. A heavy responsibility, whether he likes it or not, falls on \uline{him}.

句2中的him就是句1的a man，由这个交叉建立关系，可构造一个关系从句：

The president is a man on \wordtag{whom}{关系词} \wordtag{a heavy responsibility}{关系从句主语}, whether he likes it or not, \wordtag{falls.}{关系从句动词}   (不佳) \vspace{1ex}

介系词短语on whom因为内含关系词，要移到句首的位置。然而一经移动，就产生了修辞上的问题。

首先，on whom这个介系词短语是当副词使用，修饰动词falls。但移到句首后，它与修饰的对象falls之间隔了很长的距离，会伤害修辞的清楚性。另外，关系从句主语a heavy responsibility与它的动词falls之间也隔了一个插入的副词从句 whether…，主语动词间的距离过长又是一个不清楚的来源。要解决这两个问题还得靠倒装句，把动词移到主语前面：

The President is a man \wordtag{on whom falls a heavy responsibility}{倒装句}, whether he likes it or not.  \vspace{1ex}

如此一来，关系词whom与先行词a man在一起，介系词on whom与它修饰的对象falls在一起，而且动词falls又与它的主语 a heavy responsibility在一起，完美解决。

要注意的是，关系词必须先向句首移动，造成顺序的反常，才有倒装的可能。如果关系词没有移动就不能倒装。如：

The President is a man \wordtag{who bears a lot of responsibility}{关系从句}.\vspace{1ex}

这句话意思相近，但无法倒装。因为里面的关系从句原来是He bears a lot of responsibility，主语he改成关系词who，由于原本就在句首，没有移动位置，所以就不能倒装。

\section{假设语气的倒装}
这种倒装比较单纯，在假设语气的副词从句中（往往是if引导），如果有be动词或助动词，就可考虑倒装。做法是把连接词（如if）省略掉，把be动词或助动词移到主语前面来取代连接词的功能。如：

\wordtag{If I had been there}{副词从句}, I could have done something to help.

为简洁，可把连接词if省略，用倒装句取代，成为：

\wordtag{Had I been there}{倒装句}, I could have done something to help.

但副词从句中若没有be动词或助动词，就缺乏可倒装的工具，就不能使用倒装。

\section{引用句的倒装}
在直接引句（用到双引号）与间接引句（没有用双引号）中，都可选择使用倒装句来凸显句中重点。如：

\wordtag{The police}{S} \wordtag{said}{V}, \wordtag{``None was killed in the accident.''}{O(直接引句)}

引用句往往出现在宾语位置，上例就如此。不过，引用句的内文才是人急于知道的事情，至于是谁说的倒不那么关心。然而引用句的构造偏偏是``谁说的''作主语、动词，出现在前面，宾语从句在后面。选择倒装句可解决此问题：

\wordtag{``None was killed in the accident,''}{O} \wordtag{said}{V} \wordtag{the police}{S}. \vspace{1ex}

把最关心的引用句内文移到句首，可达到强调语气的效果。因为宾语从句挪到句首，与它关系密切的动词said也可移到主语前面，成为倒装句。不过在直接引句的情况下，主语、动词也可选择不倒装，像上例，句尾部分可维持the police said (S+V)的顺序不必倒过来。下面看间接引句：

\wordtag{The WHO}{S} \wordtag{warns}{V} \wordtag{that cholera(n.霍乱) is coming back}{O(间接引句)} \vspace{1ex}

这句话有一个间接引句，除了选择把整个宾语从句移到句首外，也可选择辟谷把引用句的主语移到句首来加强语气，主要从句倒装，成为：

Cholera, \wordtag{warns}{V} \wordtag{the WHO}{S}, is coming back. 
\vspace{1ex}

不论直接引句还是间接引句，选择倒装的修辞原因都是为了凸显引用句的内容，把它摆在句首显著地位。

\section{类似there is/are的倒装}
这种倒装句是把地方副词挪到句首，句型和there be句型接近，修辞功能在于强调语气，及衔接上下文。如：

\wordtag{There}{地方副词} \wordtag{goes}{V} \wordtag{the train}{S}!
(火车开走了！) \vspace{1ex}

这个句子以倒装句处理，可以强调动词goes，表示``正在开走''。再如：

\wordtag{Here}{地方副词} \wordtag{is}{V} \wordtag{your ticket}{S} for the opera! \vspace{1ex}

除了here,there外，其他的地方副词也可倒装，如：

\wordtag{In Loch Ness}{地方副词} \wordtag{dwells}{V} \wordtag{a mysterious monster}{S}.
(尼斯湖里住着一头神秘水怪) \vspace{1ex}

这个倒装句可同时加强句首地方副词与句尾主语两个部分的语气。有时候可使用这种倒装句来加强上下文的衔接。如：

To the west of Taiwan lies Southern China. 

To the east spreads the expanse of the Pacific. 

(台湾的西面是华南，东面是浩瀚的太平洋。)

为了以空间顺序（spatial order）来组织上下文，这两个句子都用地方副词（To the west…，To the east…）开头，也都用倒装句来达到这个目的。

\section{否定副词开头的倒装}
如果把表示否定意味的副词(not,never,hardly)挪到句首来强调语气，就得用倒装句。如：

We \uline{don't} have such luck \uline{every day}.

如果为了强调``不是每天''，而把not every day挪到句首，就要用倒装句。因为not和every day都是修饰动词的，而且not是用来作否定句的副词，和助动词do不能分开。一旦移到句首，助动词do也要往前移来配合否定句的需要，就成为倒装句：

\uline{Not every day do we} have such luck.

再看一例：

I will \uline{not} stop waiting for you \uline{until you are married}.

同样的，如果把not until you are married移到句首来强调语气，就得把助动词will倒装到主语前面来配合否定句的要求：

\uline{Not until you are married will I} stop waiting for you.

另有一些副词，像hardly,barely等，虽不是一般否定句用的not，不过功能与用法类似，移到句首时也要倒装。如：

I had \uline{hardly} sat down to work when the phone rang. (我刚坐下来要做事，电话就响了。)

把hardly移到句首也是为了加强语气，这时要倒装：

\uline{Hardly had} I sat down to work when the phone rang.

不过，下面的句子就不要倒装：

\uline{Hardly anyone} knew him. 

这是因为hardly虽然在句首，不过是用来修饰主语anyone，句首是它正常的位置，没有经过调动，因而也不需要倒装。

同样的情形也见于only一词的变化。看例子：

\uline{Only I} saw him yesterday. 

Only原本就是修饰主语I，放在它前面是正常位置，不需倒装。下面句子则不同：

I saw him \uline{only yesterday}.

如果把only yesterday调到句首强调``不过是昨天而已''，意思是``不是更早以前的事''，也有否定的意味，可以视同表示否定的副词移到句首的变化，需要倒装：

\uline{Only yesterday did I} see him.

再比较一下这两个句子：

1. \uline{Gradually} they became close friends.

2. \uline{Only gradually did they} become close friends.

句1中的副词gradually放在句首，是语法上许可的位置，而且没有否定意味，不必倒装。可是句2中的Only gradually就带有强烈的否定意味，表示not at once或not very fast，这时就得用倒装句型了。

not only和but also配合时，如果选择倒装，变化比较复杂。请看例：

He \uline{not only} passed the exam \uline{but also} scored at the top.

句中的but是对等连接词。形成not only…but also的相关词组(correlative)时，严格要求连接的对称。上句中的passed the exam和scored at the top都是动词短语，符合对称要求。

如果要把not only移到句首来强调语气，因为not only是有否定功能的副词，所以要用倒装句型。先直接倒装成为：

\uline{Not only did he} pass the exam \uline{but also} scored at the top (误)

前半句用倒装句是对的，错在对等连接词but的左右不对等。左边he passed the exam是从句，而右边的scored at the top却是动词短语。 修正方法是把右边的动词短语也改成能对称的从句：

Not only did he pass the exam but also he scored at the top. (不佳)

这样改，but的左右都是从句，满足语法的要求，不过还是有缺憾。因为also和only一样属于focusing adverbs，是一种有强调功能的副词。许多人把but also连在一起背，不知它有时也该拆开。在but右边的also不应用来强调he，而应用来强调scored at the top，这样才能呼应左边not only did he pass…的语气。所以最佳作法是把also移到scored的前面：

Not only did he pass the exam but \uline{he also scored } at the top. 
这才满足所有语法修辞要求。

\section{结语}
上面整理涵盖了英语中重要的倒装句型。另有一些简单的倒装句，如：

Mary is pretty. So is her sister. 

以及不常用的倒装句，像某些祈使句的句型：

Long live the King! 也是倒装句。

\section{测试}
请选出最适当的答案填入空格内，使句子完整。
\begin{multicols}{2}
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item  The students were warned that on no account \blank to cheat.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item they were 
            \item were they 
            \item they should 
            \item they can 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  \blank make up for lost time.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item Only by working hard we can 
            \item By only working hard we can 
            \item Only by working hard can we 
            \item By only working hard can we 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  Rarely \blank such nonsense.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item I have heard 
            \item have I heard 
            \item I do hear 
            \item don't I hear
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  \blank perched (vi. 栖息) a large black bird.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item Often
            \item Suddenly
            \item On the wire 
            \item It 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  Only just now \blank to him about the things to heed while riding a motorcycle.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item I talked 
            \item was I talking 
            \item talked I 
            \item I was talked 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  John was as confused about the rules \blank.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item as were the other contestants
            \item as the other contestants had 
            \item than were the other contestants
            \item than the other contestants had 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  An IBM PC 286 is as powerful \blank on NASA's Voyager II.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item than the mainframe computer is 
            \item than is the mainframe computer 
            \item as the mainframe computer is powerful
            \item as is the mainframe computer
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  The New Testament is a book \blank the life and teachings of Jesus.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item which can be found 
            \item in which can be found 
            \item which can find 
            \item in which can find 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  Not until the doctor was sure everything was all right \blank the emergency room.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item he left 
            \item left he 
            \item did he leave 
            \item he did leave 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  \blank,man could die out.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item World War III should ever break out 
            \item If should World War III ever break out 
            \item If World War III should have broken out 
            \item Should World War III ever break out 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  The results,\blank, the leading journal of science, indicate that the experimental procedure is flawed.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item says Nature 
            \item Nature says 
            \item which says Nature 
            \item which Nature says 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  Across the street from the station \blank.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item stood an old drugstore
            \item it stood an old drugstore 
            \item where an old drugstore stood
            \item which stood an old drugstore
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  I tried to call some friends but \blank.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item none could I reach 
            \item could I reach none 
            \item I could none reach 
            \item I none could reach 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  \blank trouble you again.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item Never will I 
            \item Not I will ever 
            \item Will not ever I
            \item Never I will 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  Not until you paint your first oil color \blank the difference between theory and practice.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item you find out 
            \item and find out 
            \item finding out 
            \item do you find out 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  \blank a baby deer is born, it struggles to stand on its own feet.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item No sooner 
            \item As soon as 
            \item So soon as 
            \item Not sooner that 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  \blank the invention of the movable print, books were mostly copied by hand and cost far more than ordinary people could afford.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item After 
            \item Until 
            \item Not until 
            \item Because of 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  \blank did I find out that he was dead.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item A moment ago 
            \item Only a moment ago 
            \item An only moment ago 
            \item For a moment 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  Henry James is \blank is his philosopher brother William.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item famous and also 
            \item as famous as 
            \item famous so 
            \item equally famous 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item  \blank does the recluse(adj. 隐居的) venture out of his hermitage(n. 隐士生活).
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item Seldom 
            \item Often 
            \item Occasionally
            \item Sometimes 
        \end{enumerate}
    \end{enumerate}
\end{multicols}


\section{答案}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item (B) on no account是否定副词短语，移至that从句句首即需倒装。
    \item (C) only by working hard因有only修饰，在句首要倒装。
    \item (B) rarely有否定功能，置于句首要倒装。
    \item (C) 地方副词置于句首，类似there be句型，方可倒装。
    \item (B) 因有only just now在句首，要倒装。
    \item (A) 前有as confused，后面要有as。因为前面是was,后面应用be动词。
    \item (D) 上文as要求用as作连接。
    \item (B) 原句是The life and teachings of Jesus can be found in the book,改成关系从句再倒装。
    \item (C) not until移到句首要倒装。
    \item (D) 原句是If World War III should ever break out…，省略if后倒装。
    \item (A) 原句是间接引句，Nature says the results…改成倒装句，因为空格后的the leading journal of science是Nature的同位语
    \item (A) 地方副词across the street from the station 移动句首而成倒装句，类似there be句型。
    \item (A) 是 I could reach none的倒装。
    \item (A) 是 I will never trouble you againr 倒装句。
    \item (D) not until移到句首要倒装。
    \item (B) 只有B能引导后面那个没有倒装的从句。
    \item (B) 从句意看，只有until符合。
    \item (B) 下文是倒装句，所以选择要求倒装的only。
    \item (A) 比较级后面倒装了。
    \item (A) 正文是倒装句，所以选择要求倒装的seldom。
\end{enumerate}
